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09/30/06 |
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Philip Long in the New York Volunteers and the West
Florida Royal Foresters - One research track gets erased while the other
takes on a new meaning and direction Source: Original research by Benoît Long; Exchange of correspondence with Todd Braisted of the On-line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies. We wish to thank Todd Braisted, Donald Long et Gilles Long for their incalculable support for this article. All errors and omisions belong to the author alone. Text by Benoît Long
Over the last twenty plus years or so, it has been known that there were a number of entries in Muster Rolls with the name of Philip Long. They provided every researcher with shreds of evidence that “a” Philip Long had served in a number of regiments during the American Revolution, and for at least one series of entries (Captain Atwood’s Company), it served as definitive proof that our common ancestor had actually served in the armed conflict and become a refugee with the Kings American Regiment at the end of the conflict. Today, with recent discoveries in Muster Rolls, it is possible to eliminate one such line of inquiry – the Philip Long in the New York Volunteers could not have been the ancestor of the Long / Lang in Madawaska since he died on December 21, 1777. This document will outline new questions about the second line of inquiry, that is, the Philip Long of the West Florida Royal Forresters (WFRF). We know for sure that the Philip Long in the Kings American Regiment is the ancestor of the Long / Lang in Madawaska. Other research by Donald Long has and will continue to
uncover additional outlooks on Phillip Long’s origins – its an exciting time for
those interested in discovering the origins of our ancestor. Here is a complete listing of the known Muster Rolls discovered with a Philip Long having served at some time in the various companies and regiments:
New York Volunteers – An Interesting Line of
Research That Ends Abruptly Unfortunately, there was no trace of that Philip Long before or after this particular Muster Roll. In the early 1980’s, the growth of the internet provided new information in the form of a Muster Roll that was found on the Olive Tree web site whereas Captain Howard’s Company is mustered for the month of February 1778 but Phillip Long’s name did not appear on that Muster Roll. It was therefore believed that he had left that regiment and moved on to other companies in the service of his King. Unexplained until recently, the absence of Philip Long’s name raised a number of possible hypotheses, including the fact that this Long might have migrated to another regiment. Thanks to the contribution of Tom Braisted, we now know from the Muster Roll dated April 1778 that this Philip Long, sick in Quarters in November 1777, actually died on December 21, 1777. Disappointing as the end of this trail may be, it does serve to eliminate an area of research and to help focus our search going forward. For over a decade, conversations with Ghislain Long took place on scenarios to try and identify the origins of this particular Philip Long. Was he originally from New York? Could we trace back the other members of Howard’s Company so that Philip’s own origins could be discovered? Based on Esther Clark Wright’s book on Loyalists, we discover that “The New York Volunteers were recruited in Halifax in January 1776 by Captain Archibald Campbell. Later commanders were Major Alexander Grant and Lieutenant Colonel George Turnbull. They were sent to East Florida in December 1778 and were in the siege of Savannah in 1779 and the siege of Charleston in 1780. They returned to New York and were disbanded in Nova Scotia in 1783.” It all seemed like a very interesting line of inquiry but unfortunately this trace has now disappeared forever. There is an excellent history of the regiment on Todd Braisted’s site – just click here to taken to the Regimental History of the New York Volunteers. West Florida Royal Foresters – new questions and wider paths The second source of research has been the Muster Roll from the West Florida Royal Foresters, with Captain Adam Chrystie at its head, and taken at New Town, Long Island on June 24, 1781. This company had just been mustered after having been evacuated from a disastrous campaign at Pensacola, Florida. We know the Regiment existed from 1780-1782 (source: Register and Index of NORTH AMERICAN PROVINCIAL & LOYALIST Regiments and Corps 1600-1783) and that its uniforms were probably the following: WEST FLORIDA ROYAL FORESTERS: probably frontier dress on campaigns or a Lgt Drgn uniform with a Green Jacket; garrison dress may have been a red coat with blue, royal. Facings (source: Uniforms of Loyalist Units in the Americas by Rudy Scott Nelson ) On the On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, we discover that two cavalry troops were raised in early 1780, both commanded by Captain Adam Chrystie. Both were killed or captured after the siege of Mobile. Based on Braisted, the third troop, where we find Philip Long's name in 1781, was raised from new recruits and survivors of the first unit. This would mean that this third troop was raised from West Florida. This Philip Long could therefore have joined either at Pensacola or as part of the earlier troops in Mobile. This question represents a new area of research. A few decades ago, Ghislain Long purchased from an antiquarian in the United States a copy of the original Muster Roll
deposited in the Manuscript Room of the Public Archives on May 2, 1921.
It is large and clearly legible and has always provided great
inspiration for continuing the search. From Braisted, we understand that the “prisoners” of
the WFRF were embarked from Pensacola and evacuated first to Havana,
Cuba and then transported to New York City on what are described as «
cartel ships » where “they likely arrived in early July of 1781”.
Braisted was very generous in checking the Spanish POW lists of the time
and found no Phillip Long among them. It means that the solider, and there seems to have been quite a number in this regiment on the date of the surrender, were “illegally absent or illegally had left the regiment”. A soldier in this situation may not have “deserted” his country or have become treasonous to his allegiances but could easily have (1) gone over to the enemy or (b) gone home or (c) rejoined another unit without ever having his status in the previous unit corrected on the Muster Rolls. The first two possibilities are interesting but would leave us with no way of confirming whether our Phillip Long is the same as the one in the WFRF. We do know that for these two Philip’s to be connected, from the WFRF prior to May 9 to the KAR starting in October 1781, a number of scenarios must have taken place: The WFRF was raised based on an order by Major General Campbell on 13 March 1780. This order, was issued from General Headquarters, Tansa. It was to be a Corps of Light Dragoons which is not insignificant for our story since Phillip Long seems to have been in cavalry units throughout his military career. Source: Online …., original document source - Great Britain, Public Record Office, Foreign Office, Class 4, Volume 1, folio 192. The origins of this Corps of Ligt Dragoons are interesting. Note: Adam Chrystie’s name appears on a petition from Pensacola dated “after 1778” and entitled PETITION FROM THE INHABITANTS OF BRITISH WEST FLORIDA. (Source : http://vidas.rootsweb.com/bripet.html ) It is a fascinating document and shows that Chrystie, if it is the same person (hard to believe that this is just coincidence here), was already a prominent resident of British West Florida early in the Revolution. We have not yet uncovered further evidence of Chrystie in West Florida at this time. The Phillip Long in the WFRF would have left Captain Adam Chrystie’s Company on or before May 9, 1781. The Muster was taken in New Town, Long Island, New York, as of June 11, 1781. What was left of The Company would have travelled from Pensacola, to Havana and then back to New Town all in the space of four weeks (from May 9 to June 11). There is a large unanswered question about why so many soldiers were listed as deserted for this particular Company. It is the opinion of this writer that this Company essentially crumbled at the end of the Siege, many soldiers dispersed everywhere including to other regiments, and that Phillip Long, it he is the same person, simply found his way to Savannah and enlisted in the KAR by October 1781. One piece of interesting evidence is why it was necessary for Adam Chrystie to obtain a special statement from John CAMPBELL, Lieutenant General to Lieutenant Colonel INNES whereby Campbell indicated “his (Chrystie’s) conduct and spirited behavior during the siege of Pensacola, met with my entire Approbation, and he is justly entitled to receive the contingent allowance for a Troop of Dragoons from the 1st day of January 1781, being the period he was paid up to, in West Florida, by Lieutenant GORDON, Deputy Inspector of Provincials.” (Source: Todd Braisted, Online Institute of Advanced Loyalist Studies, West Florida Royal Foresters – Campbell to Innes). Why this declaration? It seems reasonable to postulate that this became necessary given that Chrystie’s Company was in shambles and that questions may have been raised around his command during or at the end of the Siege, with one possibility being that re-enlisted soldiers who had to explain why they had left the unit “illegally”. This declaration would also have been helpful to Chrystie if other questions around his command had been raised, for example whether he was in charge of a still existing unit given the large number of desertions and casualties, which would have had a negative impact on his career and pay! But these are just conjectures at this point. Braisted examined all of the deserters for the WFRF at that time and found the following: “No one by any of those names appears on the rolls of any other corps, either at Savannah or anywhere else, that cannot be accounted for otherwise. The only name that even came close was Abraham Cox, who also deserted on 9 May 1781. There was one by that name in the troop of the King’s American Regiment, but he was already with the KAR in 1780. (Source: Correspondence with Braisted in 2004). Therefore, it may be unlikely that soldiers of the WFRF, deserters included, would have made it from the WFRF in New Town as of June 11, 1781 to the KAR in the deep South- but it is not impossible. We believe there are two core scenarios for our ancestor having migrated from the WFRF to the KAR. Scenario 1 Philip Long ocould have escaped the surrender at Pensacola on May 9, 1781 and could have travelled either on foot, by horse (more likely) or by boat from Pensacola to Savannah directly. He would then have joined the KAR in Savannah slighly before October or between October and December. We know that Atwood's Company was created from a public order issued on May 30, 1781. Braisted believes that if our ancestor undertook such a trek, then he would have done it alone since no other member of WFRF "deserted" showed up in the KAR! In a note from Braisted, here is what he suggested: "The Philip Long in the West Florida Foresters deserted on 9 May 1781, the day before the formal surrender of the garrison. It is possible he could have trekked overland to Savannah, Georgia, but that's a long hike through Indian country, mountains, swamps and wilderness, about 500 miles on today's roads. The King's American Regiment recruited it's troop of Light Dragoons at Savannah, starting in June of 1781. Given the Foresters was a cavalry unit, it is interesting that the Philip Long in the KAR was also a cavalryman. But there is no New York connection with this person or persons, as both groups were in the deep South at his time of enlistment." By combining notes from Braisted and the Nase Diary, we know that:
As well from other notes from Braisted: "The troop of horse for the unit was authorized at Savannah in June of 1781. There are no muster rolls for the unit until October of 1781, so he most likely enlisted sometime over the summer or early fall of 1781 at Savannah." From his website we can only observethe following: “The first business the regiment embarked upon in their new post was to attempt to raise a troop of cavalry. The warrant to CAMPBELL from Lord RAWDON, dated 30 May 1781, specified that the troop would consist of four officers and fifty seven other ranks. 76 Each recruit was promised an elegant helmet or cap, uniform, horse, arms and accouterments, plus the higher pay given to cavalrymen. 77 The new commanding officer of the troop was Captain Isaac ATWOOD, who already had a history with Lt. Col. CAMPBELL which would continue down in the South. This one troop of cavalry, joined to the other cavalry then in Georgia, would see the bulk of the fighting there for the remainder of the war. “ Source: Online Institute for Advance Loyalist Studies. Our ancestors travelled far and wide, in extremely difficult circumstances. It is apparent that our ancestor could have travelled this route between Pensacola and Savannah in time to register with the KAR for early Fall. If it is the same Philip Long, did he get to Savannah directly or did he take an indirect route? Scenario 2 In this scenario, Philip Long would have joined with other members of the WFRF taken prisoner, and would have been evacuated from Pensacola first to Havana, and the either through his return to New York, or directly would have made his way to Savannah. This scenario raises a number of questions:
In this scenario, Long's departure from Havana instead of New Town for Savannah would at least explain his absence from New Town on June 24, 1781. But all of this still leaves questions around why Philip would have sacrificed his pay to just join another regiment. The means to travel existed, the motivation is still quite unclear. Finally, we learn from the Online Institute site that a further request to muster Chrystie's Company was made in August 1781. Long's name does not reappear on any further muster roll for the WFRF until the end of the conflict. Conclusion This document was intended to highlight the current state of knowledge on Philip Long's military service during the American Revolution. There are some key question that are raised by this work. If our ancestor was part of the WFRF, how did he get to join this particular cavalry unit? Based on oral history, Philip Long was Scottish and from Philadelphia (not clear if birth was ever implied). How did he go from there to West Florida? Where did this regiment come from? If Chrystie was already a resident of West Florida, and that his troop was created from this location, how did our ancestor come to join there instead of into a Pennsylvania unit? And if he was not a member of the WFRF, then how did he get to Savannah to enlist in a regiment that had been fighting North and then South for years? Why not register earlier? What was he doing from 1775-1781? It seems we are still far from understanding our ancestor's true origins, and his military service is only providing more hypotheses to further our research. Our research will therefore continue on two fronts. First, we will have to assume that the Philip Long in the WFRF is indeed our ancestor and pursue that line of inquiry. Second, we will pursue a line of research that assumes that the Philip Long from the WFRF is NOT our ancestor and therefore our inquiry should pursue Savannah as a starting point. |
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This site was last updated 03/27/06